المُلخص التنفيذي
يشير التفريغ والنقل بواسطة المُحركات Motorized Emptying and Transport إلى عَرَبَة مُجهزة بمضخة (طلمبة) شفط تعمل بمُحرك، وخزَّان لتفريغ ونقل حمأة مياه المجاري والبول. ويكون العامل البشري مطلوبًا لتشغيل المضخة وتوجيه الخرطوم، ولكن لا تُرفع أو تُنقل الحمأة يدويًّا.
تُجهَز الشاحنة بمضخة متصلة بخرطوم يتم إنزاله في الخزَّان على سبيل المثال، خزَّان التحليل (التخمير)، أو في الحُفرة، ويتم ضخ الحمأة للأعلى في الخزَّان المُحَمَل على العَرَبَة. وعادةً ما يُشار لهذا النوع من التصميمات بشاحنة الشفط Vacuum Truck.
وقد طُوِّرَت بعض البدائل للعَرَبات أو الماكينات من أجل المناطق المُكتظة بالسكان التي يَصعُب الوصول إليها؛ على سبيل المثال: Vacutug، و Dung Beetle، و Molsta أو Kedoteng (مسميات لبعض المنتجات)، وهي عبارة عن تصميمات بديلة تَحمِل خزَّان حمأة صغير، ومضخة، وتستطيع المناورة في الشوارع الضيقة.
| المُدخلات | المُخرَجات |
|---|---|
| الحمأة , المياه السوداء , التدفقات السائلة الخارجة , البول, البول المخزن |
الحمأة , المياه السوداء , التدفقات السائلة الخارجة , البول, البول المخزن |
المُلاءَمَة
اعتمادًاعلى تقنية الجمع والتخزين، يُمكن أن تكون الحمأة كثيفة للغاية لدرجة يصعب ضخها بسهولة؛ وفي هذه الحالات من الضروري تخفيف المواد الصلبة بالماء لتتدفق بسهولة، ولكن ربما تكون هذه العملية غير فعالة ومُكلفة. تجعل القمامة والرمال عملية التفريغ أكثر صعوبة، وتتسبب في انسداد الأنبوب والمضخة. قد يتطلب تفريغ خزانات التحليل )التخمير( الكبيرة عدة شاحنات من أجل تفريغها.
على الرغم من أن شاحنات الشفط الكبيرة لا تستطيع الوصول للمناطق ذات الطرق الضيقة أو التي لايمكن القيادة عليها، فإن استخدامها يظل مُتبعًا من قِبَل البلديات وهيئات الصرف الصحي، ونادرًا ما تستطيع هذه الشاحنات القيام برحلات إلى المناطق النائية)على سبيل المثال، أطراف المدينة(، حيث لا يُعوِّض الدخل الناتج عن هذه الخدمة تكلفة الوقود والوقت؛ ولذلك يجب أن يكون موقع المُعالجة بالقرب من المناطق التي يتم تقديم الخدمة بها.
تُعتبر محطات النقل والمُعالجة المناسبة من الضروريات لمقدمي الخدمة باستخدام المعدات صغيرة الحجم المزودة بالمُحركات. وأظهرت الخبرات الميدانية أن التصاميم الحالية للمناطق الحضرية المُكتظة بالسكان محدودة من ناحية كفاءة التفريغ، وسرعة النقل، وقدرتها على التغلب على المنحدرات والطرق الرديئة والممرات الضيقة للغاية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن عامل الطلب وقيود السوق تَحِد من الجدوى الاقتصادية لهذه التصاميم. وفي ظل الظروف المناسبة، تتمكن العَرَبَات الصغيرة مثل Vacutug )عَرَبَة تُجر باليد، وبها خزَّان شفط صغير، ومحرك يعمل بالديزل( من تعويض تكاليف التشغيل والصيانة، ومع ذلك، فإن تكاليف رأس المال ما تزال مرتفعة جدًّا لإدارة عمل مُربِح بشكل مستدام.
يُمكن لكلٍّ من هيئات الصرف الصحي ورواد الأعمال تشغيل شاحنات الشفط، على الرغم من أن سعر ومستوى الخدمة قد يتفاوت بينهما بشكل كبير. وقد يَفرض مشغلو الخدمة من القطاع الخاص تكلفة أقل من تلك المفروضة من مشغلي الخدمة من القطاع العام، ولكن ربما يكون السبيل الوحيد لتحقيق ذلك هو عدم تفريغ الحمأة في المرافق المُعتمدة لذلك. وينبغي على مقدمي الخدمة من القطاع الخاص والبلديات العمل معًا؛ لتغطية منظومة إدارة حمأة مياه المجاري بشكل كامل.
اعتبارات التصميم
تبلغ السعة التخزينية لشاحنة الشفط -عادةً- ما بين 3 إلى 12 م3 وبشكل عام، يتم تعديل الشاحنات المتوفرة محليًا لتصبح شاحنات تفريغ الحمأة، عن طريق تجهيزها بخزَّانات ومضخات. يُمكن للمقطورات التي تجرها الجرارات، وعربات النقل الصغيرة المُعَدَّلة أن تنقل حوالي 1.5 م3، وقد تتفاوت السِعة. وهناك عَرَبَات صغيرة تُستخدَم في المناطق المُكتظة بالسكان، وتبلغ سِعتها ما بين 500 إلى 800 لتر؛ تَستخدِم هذه العَرَبَات -على سبيل المثال- جرارات ذات عجلتين، أو دراجات نارية لجرها، ويُمكنها الوصول لسرعات قد تصل إلى 12 كم/ساعة.
عادةً يُمكن للمضخات أن تشفط من عمق 2 إلى 3 أمتار فقط )حسب قوة المضخة(، ويجب أن تقف بالقرب من الحُفرة بمسافة 30 مترًا كحد أقصى، فكلما اقتربت مضخة الشفط من الحُفرة، كان التفريغ أسهل.
الجوانب الصحية / القبول
يُقَدِّم استخدام شاحنة الشفط تحسنًا صحيًّا كبيرًا عن التفريغ اليدوي، ويساعد في الحفاظ على تقنية الجمع والتخزين. ومع ذلك، فإنَّ مشغلي الشاحنات ليسوا دائمًا مقبولين في المجتمع، وربما يواجهون صعوبات في إيجاد مواقع مناسبة لتفريغ الحمأة المُجمَّعة.
التشغيل والصيانة
يتم تصنيع معظم شاحنات الشفط في أمريكا الشمالية، أو آسيا، أو أوروبا؛ وبالتالي يَصعُب في بعض المناطق إيجاد قطع غيار أو ميكانيكي لإصلاح المضخات أوالشاحنات المُعطَّلة. وتكون الشاحنات الجديدة باهظة الثمن وأحيانًا يكون من الصعب اقتناؤها؛ لذلك، يتم -غالبًا- استخدام الشاحنات القديمة، ولكن ما تم ادخاره في عملية الشراء، يكافئ ما يتم إنفاقه في تكاليف الصيانة المرتفعة والوقود، والتي من الممكن أن تصل إلى أكثر من ثلثي التكلفة الكلية التي يتكبدها مُشغِّل الشاحنة. ويجب أن يعي مالك الشاحنة ضرورة ادخار المال اللازم لشراء قطع الغيار المُكلِفة، والإطارات والمُعدّات. وغالبًا ما يكون نقص الصيانة الدورية -الوقائية- هو السبب في الحاجة للإصلاحات الكبيرة.
لا يُنصح بإضافة المواد الكيميائية من أجل تفريغ الحمأة؛ وذلك لأنها تسبب التآكل في الخزَّان.
المياه ،الصرف الصحي النظافة الصحية وظروف الإقامة في السجون
بناء الحمامات وطرق تحسينها وصيانتها
الصرف الصحي الموقعي والمركزي - للمدن والتجمعات السكانية الصغيرة
Emptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana)
This report describes field tests of three prototype pit latrine emptying systems, a hand operated diaphgram pump and two vacuum tankers in regular service in Africa. Numerous sludge samples were taken and their viscosities and compositions measured to establish limits for the types of sludges that can be removed by each system.
BOESCH, A. SCHERTENLEIB, R. (1985): Emptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana). (= IRCWD-Report 03/85 ). Duebendorf: International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal URL [Accessed: 22.07.2014]Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and Project Staff
This document is addressed to planners and staff of water supply and sanitation projects on household and community level. The reader is guided through the main steps of informed choices regarding the main proven technologies for water supply, purification and water treatment at household and community level. Each technology is described in a small factsheet, regarding its functioning, actors and their roles, the main operation and maintenance (O&M) requirements and problems, which can occur.
BRIKKE, F. BREDERO, M. (2003): Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and Project Staff. Geneva: World Health Organization and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 03.06.2018] PDFBusiness Analysis of Fecal Sludge Management: Emptying and Transportation Services in Africa and Asia
This study maps the urban sanitation situation and assesses business and operating models for fecal sludge management in 30 cities across 10 countries in Africa and Asia, specifically focussing on the extraction and transportation market segments.
CHOWDHRY, S. KONE, D. (2012): Business Analysis of Fecal Sludge Management: Emptying and Transportation Services in Africa and Asia. Seattle: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation URL [Accessed: 22.07.2014]Faecal Sludge Management. Lecture Notes
This module pays special attention to the haulage, treatment and reuse or disposal of faecal sludge. It covers both technical and non-technical (socio-cultural, economic, political etc.) aspects and provides practical information on design, financing and planning of faecal sludge treatment plants.
EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Faecal Sludge Management. Lecture Notes. (= Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 5 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 23.05.2012]Towards an Improved Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)
More than two billion urban dwellers in developing countries use on-site sanitation facilities such as pit latrines, septic tanks and aqua privies for excreta and wastewater disposal. Since on-site sanitation installations will serve the growing urban populations in developing countries for decades to come, increasing faecal sludge quantities will have to be managed. Proper faecal sludge management (FSM) is the important link missing in integrated urban sanitation upgrading efforts.
KONE, D. STRAUSS, M. SAYWELL, D. (2007): Towards an Improved Faecal Sludge Management (FSM). Duebendorf: EAWAG/SANDEC URL [Accessed: 15.12.2010]Investigation into Methods of Pit Latrine Emptying
Many developing countries have embarked on the construction of pit latrines and improved sanitation in people’s homes. An emerging challenge that is resulting from this work is what to do when the latrines are full. If they are to be emptied how should the waste be extracted, where should the waste go and what should be done to it and with it? The approaches to meeting this question are the focus of this report.
O’RIORDAN, M. (2009): Investigation into Methods of Pit Latrine Emptying. Management of Sludge Accumulation in VIP Latrines. (= WRC Project 1745 ). Pretoria: Water Research Commission URL [Accessed: 22.07.2014]Faecal Sludge Management
This is the first book to compile the current state of knowledge on faecal sludge management. It addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, to the current state of knowledge of treatment options, and the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. It presents an integrated approach that brings together technology, management, and planning, based on Sandec’s 20 years of experience in the field. It also discusses important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, engineers, and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.
STRANDE, L. ; RONTELTAP, M. ; BRDJANOVIC, D. (2014): Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation. London: IWA Publishing URL [Accessed: 16.07.2014]FS Management – Review of Practices, Problems and Initiatives
A study on management and institutional aspects regarding the challenges and possible improvements in managing faecal sludge.
STRAUSS, M. MONTANGERO, A. (2002): FS Management – Review of Practices, Problems and Initiatives. London and Duebendorf: DFID Project R8056, Capacity Building for Effective Decentralised Wastewater Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 28.05.2019]Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E., ULRICH L., LÜTHI, C., REYMOND P. and ZURBRÜGG C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 03.05.2023] PDFCompendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E., LUETHI, C., MOREL, A., ZURBRUEGG, C. and SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) URL [Accessed: 15.02.2010] PDFCompendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic)
This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. SCHERTENLEIB, R. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic). 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) PDFEmptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana)
This report describes field tests of three prototype pit latrine emptying systems, a hand operated diaphgram pump and two vacuum tankers in regular service in Africa. Numerous sludge samples were taken and their viscosities and compositions measured to establish limits for the types of sludges that can be removed by each system.
BOESCH, A. SCHERTENLEIB, R. (1985): Emptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana). (= IRCWD-Report 03/85 ). Duebendorf: International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal URL [Accessed: 22.07.2014]Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and Project Staff
This document is addressed to planners and staff of water supply and sanitation projects on household and community level. The reader is guided through the main steps of informed choices regarding the main proven technologies for water supply, purification and water treatment at household and community level. Each technology is described in a small factsheet, regarding its functioning, actors and their roles, the main operation and maintenance (O&M) requirements and problems, which can occur.
BRIKKE, F. BREDERO, M. (2003): Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and Project Staff. Geneva: World Health Organization and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 03.06.2018] PDFBusiness Analysis of Fecal Sludge Management: Emptying and Transportation Services in Africa and Asia
This study maps the urban sanitation situation and assesses business and operating models for fecal sludge management in 30 cities across 10 countries in Africa and Asia, specifically focussing on the extraction and transportation market segments.
CHOWDHRY, S. KONE, D. (2012): Business Analysis of Fecal Sludge Management: Emptying and Transportation Services in Africa and Asia. Seattle: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation URL [Accessed: 22.07.2014]Faecal Sludge Management. Lecture Notes
This module pays special attention to the haulage, treatment and reuse or disposal of faecal sludge. It covers both technical and non-technical (socio-cultural, economic, political etc.) aspects and provides practical information on design, financing and planning of faecal sludge treatment plants.
EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Faecal Sludge Management. Lecture Notes. (= Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 5 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 23.05.2012]Towards an Improved Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)
More than two billion urban dwellers in developing countries use on-site sanitation facilities such as pit latrines, septic tanks and aqua privies for excreta and wastewater disposal. Since on-site sanitation installations will serve the growing urban populations in developing countries for decades to come, increasing faecal sludge quantities will have to be managed. Proper faecal sludge management (FSM) is the important link missing in integrated urban sanitation upgrading efforts.
KONE, D. STRAUSS, M. SAYWELL, D. (2007): Towards an Improved Faecal Sludge Management (FSM). Duebendorf: EAWAG/SANDEC URL [Accessed: 15.12.2010]How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation
The purpose of this guide is to assist local contracting authorities and their partners in identifying those sanitation technologies best suited to the different contexts that exist within their town. The first part of the guide contains a planning process and a set of criteria to be completed; these assist you in characterizing each area of intervention so that you are then in a position to identify the most appropriate technical solutions. The second part of the guide consists of technical factsheets which give a practical overview of the technical and economic characteristics, the operating principle and the pros and cons of the 29 sanitation technology options most commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa.
MONVOIS, J. GABERT, J. FRENOUX, C. GUILLAUME, M. (2010): How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation. (= Six Methodological Guides for a Water and Sanitation Services' Development Strategy , 4 ). Cotonou and Paris: Partenariat pour le Développement Municipal (PDM) and Programme Solidarité Eau (pS-Eau) URL [Accessed: 19.10.2011]Investigation into Methods of Pit Latrine Emptying
Many developing countries have embarked on the construction of pit latrines and improved sanitation in people’s homes. An emerging challenge that is resulting from this work is what to do when the latrines are full. If they are to be emptied how should the waste be extracted, where should the waste go and what should be done to it and with it? The approaches to meeting this question are the focus of this report.
O’RIORDAN, M. (2009): Investigation into Methods of Pit Latrine Emptying. Management of Sludge Accumulation in VIP Latrines. (= WRC Project 1745 ). Pretoria: Water Research Commission URL [Accessed: 22.07.2014]Adventures in search of the ideal portable pit-emptying machine
This article explores the ideal portable pit-emptying machine for South Africa owing to site access constraints. The Water Research Commission of South Africa funded experimental development of a number of technologies designed to fill the gap between large vacuum tankers and manual emptying. This paper describes these attempts.
STILL, D. O RIORDAN, M. MC BRIDE, A. LOUTON, B. (2013): Adventures in search of the ideal portable pit-emptying machine. Rugby: Practical Action Publishing URL [Accessed: 07.08.2013]Faecal Sludge Management
This is the first book to compile the current state of knowledge on faecal sludge management. It addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, to the current state of knowledge of treatment options, and the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. It presents an integrated approach that brings together technology, management, and planning, based on Sandec’s 20 years of experience in the field. It also discusses important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, engineers, and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.
STRANDE, L. ; RONTELTAP, M. ; BRDJANOVIC, D. (2014): Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation. London: IWA Publishing URL [Accessed: 16.07.2014]FS Management – Review of Practices, Problems and Initiatives
A study on management and institutional aspects regarding the challenges and possible improvements in managing faecal sludge.
STRAUSS, M. MONTANGERO, A. (2002): FS Management – Review of Practices, Problems and Initiatives. London and Duebendorf: DFID Project R8056, Capacity Building for Effective Decentralised Wastewater Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 28.05.2019]Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E., LUETHI, C., MOREL, A., ZURBRUEGG, C. and SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) URL [Accessed: 15.02.2010] PDFSanitation partnerships. Harnessing their potential for urban on-site sanitation
The aim of this case study in five African cities was to look closely at the issue, see where partnerships fit into efforts to improve on-site sanitation and understand better what makes them succeed or fail. The ultimate goal is to help those involved in the delivery of sanitation services make more informed decisions about what routes to pursue the outset
SCHAUB-JONES, D. EALES, K. TYERS, L. (2006): Sanitation partnerships. Harnessing their potential for urban on-site sanitation. URL [Accessed: 15.12.2010]Inefficient technology or misperceived demand
Demand is growing globally for appropriate technology and viable business solutions to pit-emptying and transportation services. There is a growing body of experiments on technological innovations in different contexts to find an effective solution. However, there is no one technology or business model that can be applied everywhere because of contextual difference and varied demand. A Vacutug-based emptying and transportation service has been introduced in an urban context in Bangladesh by WaterAid. However, this study suggests that despite enormous demand, this mechanical emptying and transportation service has not been successful because of technological inefficiency and other demand-related factors.
OPEL, A. BASHAR, M.K. (2013): Inefficient technology or misperceived demand. The failure of Vacutug-based pit-emptying services in Bangladesh. Rugby: Practical Action Publishing URL [Accessed: 07.08.2013]Emptying Pit Latrines
This technical brief describes several possibilities of emptying pit latrines and helps to find the most suitable method.
PICKFORD, J. SHAW, R. (1997): Emptying Pit Latrines. (= Technical Briefs, No. 54 ). Loughborough: Water and Environmental health at London and Loughborough (WELL) URL [Accessed: 28.05.2019]http://www.un-habitat.org/
After studying the situation in slums around the world, UN-HABITAT sought to devise a system that would replace manual pit latrine and septic tank emptying. It commissioned a mechanical system that would be capable of being manufactured locally using readily available components, that would be affordable, easily serviceable, able to operate in narrow passageways where other conventional exhauster vehicles cannot pass, and capable of sucking out dense waste sludge for transportation to a larger tanker vehicle. At the same time it was imperative that excrement be removed as safely as possible without posing further health hazards in slums. Thus in 1995 Manus Coffey and Associates Ltd (MCA) and UN-HABITAT designed and built the first prototype in Ireland: the MK I UN-HABITAT Vacutug.