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The Circumpolar Health Observatory
The Circumpolar Health Observatory [Accessed: 07.06.2018]

The Circumpolar Health Observatory (CircHOB) is an international collaborative health information system, involved in systematic, standardized, and consistent data collection and analysis. In addition to aggregating online and print resources, CircHOB is population-based, and produces data for all northern regions in all circumpolar countries. CircHOB’s purpose is to monitor trends and patterns in health status, health determinants, and health care, provides qualitative and quantitative evidence for planning and evaluation of health programs and services. It is on-going and sustainable with periodic updates.

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Arctic Environments: Indicator Contaminants for Assessing Local and Remote Anthropogenic Sources in a Pristine Ecosystem in Change

This first review on the occurrence and environmental profile of PPCPs in the Arctic identified the presence of 110 related substances in the Arctic environment based on the reports from scientific publications, national and regional assessments and surveys, as well as academic research studies (i.e., PhD theses).

PPCP residues were reported in virtually all environmental compartments from coastal seawater to high trophic level biota. For Arctic environments, domestic and municipal wastes as well as sewage are identified as primary release sources. However, the absence of modern waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), even in larger settlements in the Arctic, is resulting in relatively high release rates for selected PPCPs into the receiving Arctic (mainly) aquatic environment.

KALLENBORN, R. et al. (2017) Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Arctic Environments: Indicator Contaminants for Assessing Local and Remote Anthropogenic Sources in a Pristine Ecosystem in Change, In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. . URL [Accessed: 07.06.2018]
The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

Promotion and provision of low-cost technologies that enable improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are seen as viable solutions for reducing high rates of morbidity and mortality due to enteric illnesses in low-income countries. A number of theoretical models, explanatory frameworks, and decision-making models have emerged which attempt to guide behaviour change interventions related to WASH. The design and evaluation of such interventions would benefit from a synthesis of this body of theory informing WASH behaviour change and maintenance.

DREIBELBIS R. et al. (2013) The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, In: BMC Public Health. 13 . URL [Accessed: 07.06.2018] PDF
Local Contamination in Svalbard - Overview and Suggestions for Remediation Actions

This report is based on available reports, published case studies and peer reviewed research articles from Arctic and Antarctic sites. Descriptions of contaminated sites in Svalbard are based on available reports, the Norwegian Environment Agency’s database on contaminated ground sites in Norway, peer reviewed research articles and personal communication with the pollution advisers at the Governor of Svalbard.

This report should be considered as a starting point for further investigations into local pollution issues in Svalbard. The report also provides initial guidance on how to approach remediation of polluted sites in Svalbard.

GRANBERG, M. E., ASK, A. and GABRIELSEN, W. ; (2017): Local Contamination in Svalbard - Overview and Suggestions for Remediation Actions, Norsk Polarinstitutt URL [Accessed: 07.06.2018]
Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR)
Arctic Human Development Report

The goals of this report are to provide an update to the first AHDR (2004) in terms of an assessment of the state of Arctic human development; to highlight the major trends and changes unfolding related to the various issues and thematic areas of human development in the Arctic over the past decade; and, based on this as- sessment, to identify policy relevant conclusions and key gaps in knowledge, new and emerging Arctic success stories, and important AHDR-II follow-up activities.

BANKES, N. et al. Larsen, J. N. and Fondahl, G. (2014): Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR), TemaNord URL [Accessed: 07.06.2018]
Comparative Review of Circumpolar Health Systems

Health care for remote, sparsely populated communities in the circumpolar North faces substantial organizational, financial, logistical, technical, and human resource challenges. Circumpolar regions share many common features but have evolved vastly different health care systems and policies. Identifying, evaluating and comparing approaches to policy development, best practices and successful models across the various regions represent a potentially useful strategy to improve and strengthen northern health systems.

YOUNG, K. and MARCHILDON, G. (2012): Comparative Review of Circumpolar Health Systems, International Association of Circumpolar Health Publishers URL [Accessed: 07.06.2018]
eCompendium on SSWM.info
eCompendium on SSWM.info [Accessed: 06.06.2018]

This is the interactive version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies by TILLEY ET AL (2014), a compilation of appropriate sanitation technologies, plus a tool for combining technologies in a full system. The compendium’s popularity is due to its brevity - ordering and structuring a huge range of information on tried and tested technologies in a single document. As in the first edition only proven technologies that are appropriate for low- and middle-income settings are presented. Also, only "improved" sanitation technologies, featuring safe, hygienic, and accessible sanitation are included. The whole range of urban, peri-urban and rural technologies (e.g. from simple pits to conventional sewers) is presented in the eCompendium.

The Role of Beliefs and Customs in Sanitation Programs

Improvements of the environment for better health is not just a matter of technology. It may impinge on various beliefs and customs of people and lead them to reject such action. This basic principle is emphasised in this article.

PAUL, B. D. (1958) The Role of Beliefs and Customs in Sanitation Programs, In: American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 48 ,1502–1506 . URL [Accessed: 05.06.2018]
Suicides in the Indigenous and Non-indigenous Populations in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

This articles describes suicide rates in the indigenous and non-indigenous populations of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO) in 2002 - 2012, as well as associated socio-demographic characteristics. Suicide rates in the NAO were substantially higher among the indigenous Nenets population than the non-indigenous population, and were associated with different socio-demographic characteristics.

SUMAROKOV, Y. A. et al. (2014) Suicides in the Indigenous and Non-indigenous Populations in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, In: International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 73 . URL [Accessed: 05.06.2018]
Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and Project Staff

This document is addressed to planners and staff of water supply and sanitation projects on household and community level. The reader is guided through the main steps of informed choices regarding the main proven technologies for water supply, purification and water treatment at household and community level. Each technology is described in a small factsheet, regarding its functioning, actors and their roles, the main operation and maintenance (O&M) requirements and problems, which can occur.

BRIKKE, F. ; BREDERO, M. ; (2003): Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and Project Staff, Geneva: World Health Organization and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 03.06.2018]
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture

Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.

WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture, Geneva: World Health Organisation URL [Accessed: 31.05.2018] PDF
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume II. Wastewater Use in Agriculture

Volume II of the Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater provides information on the assessment and management of risks associated with microbial hazards and toxic chemicals. It explains requirements to promote the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets, and how those requirements are intended to be used. It also describes the approaches used in deriving the guidelines, including health-based targets, and includes a substantive revision of approaches to ensuring microbial safety.

WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume II. Wastewater Use in Agriculture, Geneva: World Health Organisation URL [Accessed: 31.05.2018] PDF
Slow Sand Filtration for Community Water Supply in Developing Countries. A Design and Construction Manual

This very comprehensive technical paper includes important background information, a detailed description of the principle of slow sand filtration and much information on the construction, design and implementation of slow sand filtration plants.

DIJK, J.C. van ; OOMEN, J.H.C. ; (1978): Slow Sand Filtration for Community Water Supply in Developing Countries. A Design and Construction Manual, (= IRC Technical Paper Series , 11 ). The Hague: International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply URL [Accessed: 30.05.2018]
A Road Map for Small-Scale Desalination

In the near future, sea-level rise will cause further saltwater intrusion into water resources, while an increasing number of water control structures will increase river salinity –threatening fresh water supplies for drinking and livelihoods, irreversibly impacting people’s lives and livelihoods. Desalination technologies typically require high energy inputs, as well as specialized maintenance procedures, to function sustainably – rendering them inappropriate for water production in low-income areas. The focus of this paper is the development of a ‘Road Map’ for scalable, low energy-input solutions for small-scale desalination.

Kathryn S. Boden ; Chinmayee V. Subban ; (2018): A Road Map for Small-Scale Desalination, An overview of existing and emerging technology solutions for cost-efficient and low-energy desalination in South and Southeast Asia. Oxford: Oxfam GB URL [Accessed: 28.05.2018] PDF
Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands Design Manual
KAYOMBO, S. ; MBWETTE, T. S. A. ; KATIMA, J. H. Y. ; LADEGAARD, N. ; JORGENSEN, S. E. ; (2004): Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands Design Manual, Dar es Salaam/Copenhagen: United Nations Environmental Program - International Environmental Technology Centre (UNEP-IETC) and Danish International Development Agency (Danida) URL [Accessed: 28.05.2018] PDF