28 May 2019

Soak Pit

Application level

City

Household

Neighborhood

Management level

Household

Public

Shared

Inputs

Urine Anal Cleansing Water Greywater Stored Urine Effluent

Outputs

Author/Compiled by
Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology)
Robert Gensch (Xavier University)
Niels Sacher (Xavier University)
Denise Staubli (seecon international gmbh)

Executive Summary

A soak pit, also known as a soakaway or leach pit, is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground. Pre-settled effluent from a collection and storage/treatment or (semi-) centralized treatment technology is discharged to the underground chamber from which it infiltrates into the surrounding soil.

Advantages
Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
Technique simple to apply for all users
Small land area is required
Low capital costs; low operating costs
Disadvantages
Primary treatment is required to prevent clogging
May negatively affect soil and groundwater properties
In Out

Precipitation, Greywater, Fertigation Water, Effluents from On-site Pre-settling Units

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Introduction

Factsheet Block Body

As wastewater (greywater or blackwater after primary treatment) percolates through the soil from the soak pit, small particles are filtered out by the soil matrix and organics are digested by microorganisms. Thus, soak pits are best suited for soil with good absorptive properties; clay, hard packed or rocky soil is not appropriate.

Schematic of a soak pit. Source: TILLEY et al. (2014)
Schematic of a soak pit. Source: TILLEY et al. (2014) 

 

Design Considerations

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The soak pit should be between 1.5 and 4 m deep, but as a rule of thumb, never less than 2 m above the groundwater table. It should be located at a safe distance from a drinking water source (ideally more than 30 m). The soak pit should be kept away from high-traffic areas so that the soil above and around it is not compacted. It can be left empty and lined with a porous material to provide support and prevent collapse, or left unlined and filled with coarse rocks and gravel. The rocks and gravel will prevent the walls from collapsing, but will still provide adequate space for the wastewater. In both cases, a layer of sand and fine gravel should be spread across the bottom to help disperse the flow. To allow for future access, a removable (preferably concrete) lid should be used to seal the pit until it needs to be maintained.

Health Aspects/Acceptance

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As long as the soak pit is not used for raw sewage, and as long as the previous collection and storage/treatment technology is functioning well, health concerns are minimal. The technology is located underground and, thus, humans and animals should have no contact with the effluent.

Since the soak pit is odourless and not visible, it should be accepted by even the most sensitive communities.

Operation & Maintenance

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A well-sized soak pit should last between 3 and 5 years without maintenance. To extend the life of a soak pit, care should be taken to ensure that the effluent has been clarified and/or filtered to prevent the excessive build-up of solids.

Particles and biomass will eventually clog the pit and it will need to be cleaned or moved. When the performance of the soak pit deteriorates, the material inside the soak pit can be excavated and refilled.

Applicability

A soak pit does not provide adequate treatment for raw wastewater and the pit will quickly clog. It should be used for discharging pre-settled blackwater or greywater.

Soak pits are appropriate for rural and peri-urban settlements. They depend on soil with a sufficient absorptive capacity. They are not appropriate for areas prone to flooding or that have high groundwater tables.

Media PPT
Library References

A Comparison of Wash Area and Soak Pit Construction

This Master Thesis describes the implementation of a soak pit and a wash area in a rural area next to the city Sikasso in West Africa. This detailed report describes how to built and how to dimension a soak pit and covers also social, technical and economic aspects.

AHRENS, B. (2005): A Comparison of Wash Area and Soak Pit Construction. The Changing Nature of Urban, Rural, and Peri-Urban Linkages in Sikasso, Mali (Master Thesis). Michigan Technological University URL [Accessed: 23.02.2010]

Low-cost Urban Sanitation

This book covers the public health, technical, socioeconomic, sociocultural and institutional aspects of sanitation in towns and cities of developing countries. The text features excreta-related diseases and the use of sanitation to reduce their transmission. The sanitation technologies covered in detail are VIP latrines, pour-flush toilets, septic tanks, settled sewerage and simplified sewerage, with additional chapters on sullage disposal, pit emptying, and sewage treatment and reuse. Sociocultural constraints on sanitation systems and their socioeconomic costing are described, together with hygiene education, which is essential in order to achieve maximum benefits to health. The text also explains how to choose the most appropriate sanitation option for a given low-income community. Finally, institutional aspects are reviewed, including effective sanitation programme planning, monitoring and evaluation.

MARA, D. (1996): Low-cost Urban Sanitation. United Kingdom: Wiley
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