References:
http://www.netafim.com.au/
Glossary
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- Backflush Valve
- Backflush valves are 3-way hydraulically operated diaphragm valves commonly used in filtration applications. The valve has a common outlet connected to the filter inlet and two other outlets, one connected to the water inlet manifold, the other to the drain manifold. The valve can be set in one of two positions: (1) Filtration mode allows flow from the inlet manifold into the filter; and (2) Flushing mode closes the filter connection to the inlet manifold and connects the filter inlet to the drain outlet resulting in reversal flow of filtered water from neighbouring filters through the filter. Synonyms: Backwash Valve
- Background
- The background section contains essential background knowledge on water management and sanitation, covering areas such as health & hygiene, frameworks, economic aspects, environmental aspects, etc.
- Backwash
- One of the best ways to clean a water system’s filter is to backwash it, meaning reversing the flow and increasing the velocity at which water passes back through the filter. This, in effect, blasts the clogged particles off of the filter. Although every filter is unique, the principles of backwashing are similar for all of them. The disadvantage with backwashing is that it requires energy-driven pumps and the backwash water and sludge has to be treatment (e.g. in waste stabilisation ponds) before safe discharge or reuse. Synonyms: Backwashing
- Bacteria
- Bacteria are the oldest, the simplest, and the most numerous forms of life. A human body for example, after the most modest estimations, consist of over 90% of bacteria. Bacteria take their food from the environment by excreting enzymes which dissolve complex molecules into more simple ones that can then pass through the cell membrane. Thus they play a important role in the global cycles of molecules and nutrients and are responsible for all kind of biological wastewater treatments (e.g. oxidation, anaerobic digestion, nitrification and denitrification etc...). But some bacteria are also pathogens cause diseases for human or/animals.
- Bank Filtration
- Bank filtration is the infiltration of surface water, mostly from a river system, into a groundwater system induced by water abstraction close to the surface water e.g. a river bank. This water abstraction is commonly done by operating wells. As the water flows through the soil, it is filtered and the quality is improved. In the context of developing or newly-industrialised countries, BF may bring relief by replenishing stressed groundwater resources with surface water, which receives treatment while percolating through the soil and is mixed with the groundwater aquifer. Synonyms: BF
- Basic Sanitation
- As established by the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), basic sanitation means the lowest-cost option for securing sustainable access to safe, hygienic, and convenient facilities and services for excreta and sullage disposal that provide privacy and dignity, while at the same time ensuring a clean and healthful living environment both at home and in the neighbourhood of users.
- Basic Services to the Urban Poor
- Basic Services to the Urban Poor Synonyms: BSUP
- Basin Irrigation
- Basin irrigation is the most common form of surface irrigation, particularly in regions with layouts of small fields. If a field is level in all directions, is encompassed by a dyke to prevent runoff, and provides an undirected flow of water onto the field, it is herein called a basin. Basin irrigation is suitable for many field crops. Paddy rice grows best when its roots are submerged in water making basin irrigation the best method for this type of crop.
- Batch Reactor
- Batch reactors are reactors with no continuous inflow nor outflow. After the reactor was filled with its content, it is closed for a certain time of reaction. During this time, flow is neither entering nor leaving. After the time of reaction, the now processed liquid or material is removed and replaced by a fresh one and the process cycle can begin again. See also fed batch or accumulating system.
- Beneficiary Assessment
- Beneficiary Assessment: conversational interviewing and focus group discussions on changes and impacts.
- Bin Composting
- Compost can also be made in bags or bins with lateral holes to allow aeration. In order to allow proper aeration, the bin is divided into two sections separated with a grid. Organic waste is put into the top section; the final compost it is removed from the bottom section. Because of the natural draught created in the bin by the grid and the holes, frequent turning of the waste is not required in this method. Synonyms: In-vessel Composting
- Bio-char
- Bio-char is a fine-grained charcoal produced from pyrolysis: the slow burning of organic matter in a low- or no-oxygen environment. Bio-char is promoted as a soil additive in order to enhance the soil black carbon content and thus the soil water and nutrient retention capacity.
- Biodegradable
- Biodegradable means that a substance is contained of molecules which can be broken down by biological processes (e.g. by bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms) without causing any harm to them.
- Biogas
- Biogas is the common name for the mixture of gases released from anaerobic digestion. Typically biogas is composed of methane (50–75%), carbon dioxide (25-50%) and varying quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and other components. In conventional septic tanks, imhoff tanks and anaerobic lagoons this biogas is vented out, creating climate critical emissions due to its methane content. In biogas sanitation systems, the gas is recovered and reused as an sustainable energy source, while the remaining sludge, which contains most of the nutrients initially contained in the wastes, is used as fertilizer for crop production. There are many anaerobic wastewater treatment processes, in which anaerobic digestion occurs and biogas can be recovered. The most widely spread of these technologies are biogas digesters and settler, anaerobic baffled reactors, septic tanks or upflow anaerobic blanket reactors (UABR). Many types of organic wastes can be reused that way, including human excreta, animal dung, vegetables such as water hyacinths or industrial wastes.
- Biological Oxygen Demand
- The biological oxygen demand gives a measure of the amount of oxygen used by bacteria to degrade organic matter. It is often expressed in mg/L. High BOD can be caused by high levels of organic pollution or high nitrate levels, which trigger high plant growth, both resulting in a high content of organic matter. When this matter decays, the microbiological activity uses up the oxygen. Biochemical oxygen demand is therefore one of the main parameters used to measure organic pollution.
Synonyms: BOD
- Biological Oxygen Demand 5
- The biological oxygen demand 5 (BOD5) refers to the biological oxygen demand measures over 5 days at 20 ºC. Synonyms: BOD5
- Biological Treatment
- The biological treatment of waste and wastewaters consist in the use of microbial activity (bacteria, funghi and other microorganisms) for the degradation and decomposing of biodegradable pollution. This is in contrast to chemical treatment, which relies on chemicals to transform or remove contaminants from waste.
- Biological Wastewater Treatment
- Biological wastewater treatment processes are employed to transform dissolved and colloidal pollutants into gases, cell material, and metabolic end products. These processes may occur in the presence or absence of oxygen. In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic process), wastewater materials may be hydrolyzed and the resultant products fermented to produce a variety of alcohols, organic acids, other reduced end products, synthesized cell mass, and gases including carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane (biogas). Aerobic processes will generate a variety of oxidized end products, carbon dioxide and metabolized biomass
- Biomass
- Biomass refers to the sum of the organic material coming from living organism (plants, bacteria, etc.). In wastewater treatment, biomass is often referred to the solid part of sludge which is not mineral (the active part of the sludge). Biomass also often described the biological material (organic wastes or energy corps) used for energy production for instance by digestion (biogas) or incineration.
- Bioremediation
- Bioremediation is the use of microorganismal metabolism to remove pollutants.
- Biosolid
- Biosolids, also referred to as treated sludge, is a term used to denote the by-product of wastewater treatment. Biosolids are generally rich in organic matter and nutrients and it can therefore be used as a soil amendment. Depending of the applied wastewater treatment, the resulting biosolids may require further treatment for the removal of pathogens before reuse. Synonyms: Treated Sludge; Biosolids
- Bittern
- The liquid waste product remaining from sea-salt production; it is highly concentrated in magnesium.
- Blackwater
- Blackwater is a wastewater with high contents of organics and pathogens. It is a mixture of excreta (urine and faeces) and flushing water along with anal cleansing water (if anal cleansing is practiced), greywater (containing food wastes or chemicals) and dry cleansing material (e.g. toilet paper). Blackwater contains all of the pathogens of faeces and all of the nutrients of urine, but diluted in flush- or anal cleansing water.
- Boiler Feed Water
- Boiler feed water is used in various industries for the generation of steam for manufacturing processes. After simple treatment, the water can be reused for various applications. Synonyms: Boiler Feedwater
- Border Irrigation
- Border irrigation is a type of surface irrigation where the field is divided into strips separated by border ridges running down the gradient of the field. The area between the ridges is flooded during irrigation. It can be viewed as an extension of basin irrigation to include long rectangular or contoured field shapes, longitudinal but no lateral slope, and free draining or blocked conditions at the lower end. In contrast to basin irrigation bunds are not to contain the water for ponding but to guide it as it flows down the field.
- Borehole Latrine
- The borehole latrine is an (emergency) excreta disposal system where a borehole (typically 5-10m deep, 40cm in diameter) is combined with a slab and a superstructure. It is an alternative to pit or trench latrines where ground conditions allow it and tools and labour is immediately available locally.
- Bottle Irrigation
- The bottle is first filled up with water and then placed upside down in the ground next to the plant. Because of its density the water is only released slowly into the ground to reach the roots.
- Bottled water
- Bottled water is widely available in both industrialised and developing countries. Consumers purchase packaged drinking-water for reasons such as taste, convenience or fashion, but safety and potential health benefits are also important considerations. Bottled water is most commonly sold in glass or disposable plastic bottles. Bottled water also comes in various sizes, from single servings to large carboys holding up to 80 litres. Synonyms: packaged water, pre-packaged water, Water in bottle
- Boundary Kit
- Boundary kits isolate individual properties from the main pressure sewer network and can be installed prior to the individual pumping units. This allows for individual properties to connect at a rate that suits the development whilst also allowing fast and simple isolation if required.
- Brackish water
- Brackish water contains more salt than fresh water and less than salt water. It is commonly found in estuaries, which are the lower courses of rivers where they meet the sea, and aquifers, which are stores of water underground.
- Brownwater
- Brownwater consists of faeces and flushwater. Brownwater is generated by urine-diverting flush toilets and contains high amounts of organics and nutrients; the actual dilution ratio depends on the amount of water used for flushing.
- Bund
- Embankment constructed from soil or wadi bed sediments.
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